Pushing the limit of 3d transition metal-based layered oxides that use both cation and anion redox for energy storage

Intercalation chemistry has dominated electrochemical energy storage for decades, and capacity worldwide now reached the terawatt-hour level. State-of-the-art intercalation cathodes Li-ion batteries operate within limits of transition metal cation electrochemistry, but discovery anion-redox processes in recent decades suggests rich opportunities substantially increasing stored densities. The diversity compounds that exhibit anion redox solid state inspired exploration new materials next-generation cathodes. In this Review, we outline mechanisms proposed to contribute accompanying kinetic pathways can occur layered oxides. We discuss crucial role structural changes at both atomic mesoscopic scales with an emphasis on their impact performance. emphasize need integrated approach studying evolution bulk structure electrode–electrolyte interphase by combining characterization computation. Building fundamental understanding reaction mechanisms, engineering strategies such as composition design, surface protection control achieve stable devices. Layered oxide are among most promising positive electrode batteries. thermodynamics kinetics implications these designing redox.